The National AI R&D Strategic Plan prepared in 2016 and updated in 2019 set priorities for federal investment in AI R&D,14 and Executive Order 13859 launched the American AI Initiative in 2019.15 The National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act 2021 established the White House National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Office charged with coordinating the national AI strategy—a potentially powerful tool for a whole-of-government government to push on AI in a coordinated and strategic way.16 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Guidance on how to balance AI regulation in ways that address legitimate AI risk and support AI innovation provides guidance for how to regulate AI and a potential roadmap for other governments.17 The National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) is developing a comprehensive approach to developing AI standards that is data-driven and could be the basis for a common understanding on how to measure trustworthy AI.18 The 2021 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) further develops AI policy in the defense and non-defense sectors.19 This includes establishing a National AI Research Task Force to investigate the feasibility of establishing a National AI Research Resource, permitting the National Science Foundation (NSF) to establish National AI Research Institutes, and tasking NIST to develop an AI Risk Management Framework. It is perhaps the most comprehensive effort to establish a common understanding and approach to AI. This general-purpose nature means that AI could have wide-ranging economic impacts across manufacturing, transportation, health, education, and many other sectors. In light of the economic and trade implications of AI, the U.S. should expand its use of trade agreements, including in free trade agreements and in discussion in the World Trade Organization to develop rules and norms relevant to AI. These challenges on AI underscore the need for coordination on AI to support a market-based approach to AI development where gains can be captured broadly, especially given the potential of AI deployment for good. CIFAR's annual round-up of advances and impact from the CIFAR Pan-Canadian AI Strategy. This should seek to address transnational issues that demand public intervention at scale, such as health (e.g., disease migration) and climate change (e.g., climate modeling). As the Biden administration re-engages with the world and rebuilds alliances, it needs to develop a strategy for international engagement that articulates a comprehensive and balanced vision of how to harness the benefits and address the challenges of technology across this range of issues. Together, the U.S. and EU comprise the largest trade relationship in the world, important markets, and key sources of AI capacity including AI talent, capital, and other resources. I. This would go beyond overarching issues like ethics and governance that have been the focus of discussion in existing international forums, and put cooperation on AI into practice. These can bring added energy to forums for AI cooperation. China’s use of state supported AI in ways incompatible with democratic freedoms deeply valued by the United States and its allies underscore the need for a liberal approach to AI development where gains can be captured and distributed broadly. As the EU embarks on an ambitious agenda of legislation on AI and other technology issues, the two unions need to move rapidly to avoid a repeat of the divergence that has made privacy and data protection a point of ongoing friction. These include ISO/IEC, IEEE, and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). 2020-1, John P. Holdren, 2016., Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, Executive Office of the President, National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Technology, October 2016. U.S. AI policy also recognizes the importance of international cooperation on AI: The American AI Initiative recognizes partnerships with U.S. allies and partners represent a key “source of strategic competitive advantage,” and identifies the need to “engage internationally to promote a global environment that supports American AI research and innovation and opens markets for American AI industries.”22 The identified goals of engagement include supporting the uptake of trustworthy AI innovation and promoting trust in and adoption of AI technologies for economic growth and global security. Our personal and professional lives have been shaken, as have our routines and our presumptions. Thus, their work includes AI standards on terminology and interoperability frameworks for AI,47 and in the case of the IEEE, how to implement ethical AI principles into technical standards.48. Ongoing U.S. efforts to foster international cooperation in AI include bilateral cooperation agreements such as the U.S.-U.K. Cooperation in Artificial Intelligence Research and Development,23 hosting and engaging in international and multistakeholder initiatives such as the G-7 Science and Technology Ministerial Meeting that launched the Global Partnership on AI, and participation in common and formalized AI principles for the innovative and trustworthy development and application of AI such as the OECD Principles on AI discussed below. by increasing the number of outstanding AI researchers and skilled graduates in Canada. Increases in the power of computer chips, software, storage, and access to increasingly large datasets over the past decade have produced enormous investment and development in AI. It also requires a more strategic approach to how Chinese researchers engage, one that avoids shutting the door entirely to collaboration but is clear-eyed about the risks and takes appropriate measures to mitigate these. China has a comprehensive and ambitious set of AI policies. In 2017, the Government of Canada appointed CIFAR to develop and lead a $125 million Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy, the world’s first national AI strategy. The first is from China, which has targeted development of strong AI capacity as a strategic and economic priority and source of global power. Such a statement would provide a guide to U.S. government international engagement from the President on down through each relevant agency. A renewed focus on using economic and trade forums to make progress on AI issues should include APEC, where discussions on digital trade and data flow issues are also happening, and which provides a useful forum to develop approaches to AI regulation that appropriately balance the need to address AI risk and support AI innovation. Following the U.S. election in November 2020, the European Commission proposed a new framework for transatlantic relations with its “New EU-US Agenda for Global Change” white paper.25 Among other topics, there is a clear overture by the EU to the U.S., “to start acting together on AI – based on our shared belief in a human-centric approach. How will AI impact the way you live and work? To foster AI policies that support development of beneficial, trustworthy, and robust artificial intelligence will require international engagement by the United States and cooperation among like-minded democracies that are leaders in artificial intelligence. The development of principles for ethical use of AI has been a major focus for governments as well as international organizations, industry, academia, and civil society.3 The U.S. government has also been a key player in developing AI ethical principles. Indeed, China has developed its own AI ethical principles that align with western ethical principles in material ways.53 China’s participation in the G-20 and engagement in international standards bodies provide opportunities to influence Chinese policies and practices. These reflect shared democratic liberal values and concerns that AI develop in ways that is nondiscriminatory and protects and respect values including human dignity, autonomy, and privacy. In fact, Brookings has been convening a Forum on International Cooperation on AI (FCAI), which brings together officials from Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Singapore, and U.S., with a spectrum of experts. Foremost among them are high hopes for AI; hopes that echo the pre-existing importance of healthcare in recent national AI strategies. It may be difficult to align certain differences over ethics, regulation, and national aspirations in the abstract. All Rights Reserved. The U.S. should work more to lead on an approach to AI regulation that appropriately builds trust and supports innovation, working through many of the forms where AI is being discussed, such as in the G-7 and APEC, in trade agreements, and in its engagement with the EU. China’s AI strategy also needs to be assessed alongside its efforts to internationalize its technology and standards, including along the “Digital Silk Road” as a component of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, and by proactive and strategic engagement in international standards organizations.33, China’s AI policies also include some elements of international cooperation on AI. 1.FGSM is a typical one-step attack algorithm, which performs the one-step update along the direction (i.e., the sign) of the gradient of the adversarial loss J θ, x, y, to increase the loss in the steepest direction. The U.S. can encourage and support AI efforts that seek to develop and compete on fair terms. He received the best paper award of ICML’14 and was nominated for the best paper of WWW’16. As these AI regulatory efforts take shape, international cooperation can minimize unnecessary divergence and find areas where alignment is possible. View in article It relies heavily on open source software, global publications, shared data, and distributed computing. While the United States is the world leader in AI, China is catching up fast (and may lead in some areas) and other governments are expanding their own AI capacity. The intrinsically high dimensionality of the space of realizable materials makes traditional approaches ineffective for large-scale explorations. The U.S. is the world leader in AI. China has already shown how its political values have led to the use of AI to surveil and control in ways that are unacceptable in the U.S. and other democratic countries.39 AI is also being exported to other governments with authoritarian goals; in 2018, Freedom House documented 18 countries that purchased AI surveillance tools from China.40 Such policies have led Western countries to explore working together in response, with European Commission President von der Leyen explaining their proposal to strengthen the transatlantic partnership in part as a response to “an illiberal China.”. The broader G-20, which includes China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia, also has made AI a subject of discussions. While the U.S. needs to work with allies to coordinate on AI in response to these challenges, the U.S. will also need to find ways not to shut the door completely on cooperation with China on some AI-related issues and to counter AI splintering the world along different technology standards and markets.52 This will require accepting Chinese progress in AI, working to constrain threats where feasible, and shaping approaches where possible. Advance national AI initiatives by supporting a national research community on AI through training programs, workshops, and other collaborative opportunities. The EU is pivotal to successful international cooperation. The recommendations that follow are based on three interrelated goals that should be a focus for the new administration and its international engagement on technology and AI: (1) developing avenues of cooperation for global development of AI, (2) effective alignment with the EU on AI, and (3) addressing the China challenge. A common approach to AI ethics alone is unlikely to provide sufficient glue for robust cooperation on AI. This helps ensure understanding of technical and business issues as well as transparency and input from affected interests. SDOs have an important role in organizing technical knowledge into a common vocabulary and taxonomy that help to embody concepts like ethics or algorithmic transparency and accountability into measurable or repeatable processes. Source: Authors’ own analysis based on CIFAR (2020): Building an AI World: Report on National and Regional AI Strategies. Such policies also disregard the global nature of AI development. NIST has begun work on core building blocks of trustworthy artificial intelligence, including security and explainability. The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) is leading the Government of Canada's CAD$125M Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy, which promotes collaboration, talent building and research on AI among Canada's already well-developed centres of AI expertise. The importance and opportunities of transatlantic cooperation on AI, The U.S. and EU should base AI regulations on shared democratic values, How different countries view artificial intelligence, MGI-Notes-from-the-AI-frontier-Modeling-the-impact-of-AI-on-the-world-economy-September-2018.ashx (mckinsey.com), preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf (archives.gov), 2019-CATS-5830-REV_DOC--DraftOMBMemoonRegulationofAI101019.docx (whitehouse.gov), DOD Adopts Ethical Principles for Artificial Intelligence > U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE > Release, Thierry Breton: European companies must be ones profiting from European data – POLITICO, Transition 2021: America's Role in the World, A blueprint for technology governance in the post-pandemic world, Beyond Huawei and TikTok: Untangling US concerns over Chinese tech companies and digital security, • Establish guidelines and promote research on explainability and accountability, AI specific regulation, privacy, cybersecurity, • Set up regulatory sandboxes to test AI products, National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, Interim Report November 2019 https://www.nscai.gov/about/reports-to-congress; Erik Brynjolfsson et al., “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics”, NBER Working Paper no. This led to publication of the Commission’s White Paper on Artificial Intelligence in February 2020, envisioning a “European ecosystem of excellence and trust.” Proposals in the white paper include measures to streamline research and foster collaboration on AI among member states, and increasing investment into AI development and deployment by 70 percent. The second challenge comes from other governments whose AI policies could lead to prescriptive regulation that may stifle AI innovation and discriminate against U.S. technology firms. Minds and Machines. This progress is reflected in the OECD Principles on AI, which incorporate the elements discussed above and reflect approval by ministers of the 37 member countries after broad consultation. In the sciences, AI is advancing research in molecular discovery, understanding human systems biology, and the physics of everything from elementary particles to galaxies. The G-7 and G-20 provide opportunities for leaders to discuss technology and AI issues. The inclusion of international cooperation as an element of such policies indicates a number of governments appreciate the connection between AI development and collaboration across borders. As outlined above, this subject has been a common thread in government policies as well as a frequent focus of frameworks developed in civil society, academia, and industry.
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